Meaning of meme an eipiphiny Essay Example for Free

Meaning of meme an eipiphiny EssayThe word mehme concocts m-meaning, e-emotional, h-humanistic, m- methodical e- experience. It is a rhyme of meme. On the other(a) hand, that worked Eipiphiny is corrupted from the word epiphany. Epiphany means (a) a fulminant manifestation or perception of the essential nature or meaning of something (b) an intuitive grasp of reality through an event usu every(prenominal)y simple and smasher, an illuminating discovery, realization or disclosure (c) a revealing scene or moment Eipiphiny represents stochastic / mathematical epiphany. Its components ar mathematical constants, e, pi, phi and non- existent number I which if non discovered the world today may be non-existant. e and I, represent emotional intelligence, which is of wideness when discussing our mission. (Richard, 1990) The kind of cultural value changes that would be necessary for this phylogenesis of value memes to occur may be having nothing to do with meme. Cultural change is a ll about be dynamic to meet the changing demands of society. The ability to learn new tricks will enhance cultural change.It will assist us instruct each others culture and be accommodative of new ideas technological advancement, change of styles and fashion, new economic trends as well. Meme may not be practical in the modern world. A good environment of acquire, ideas is where an individual is not tied down to unimportant procedures but where he is left to pursue what they are do to do. To fit in the changing world, it is mandatory to keep abreast with the latest in technology and set realistic and achievable goals or aims.KOZOLS furious INEQUALITIES The book Savage Inequalities was written in 1991 by Kozol Jonathan.The book talks about pedagogy gaps between institutions or schools where different classes and races exist. His takes are based on observations he made in the dodge of public schools of Washington D. C. , Camden, Chicago and New York City. These observations wer e taken in school, which have the lowest spending (per capital) on savant and those which have highest spending. Kozol has given some factors, which have contributed to poor education system for instance lack of basic tools for teaching, understaffed environment, congestion and poor sanitation. The worst mutilate is the minorities who are usually allocated the lowest budgets annually.This is done without con emplacementring that the people who live in extreme poverty with school district are taxed highly. Cited in his book, are the cases, which are filed against such poor schools. The districts affected are Jersey City, Camden, Orange and Irvington. The judges no longer adhere to the law of state but instead they side with concerned locals and children. Kozol also compares the present conditions that minorities are supposed to learn in. There are other historical cases that he mentions whereby the results are not just system of funds in harm of taxation and distribution.Another s erious line of work mentioned in his book is racial segregation in the education system of America. This problem is heightened by the inequalities, which are obvious in the distribution of funds, which are collected via property taxes. Some historical cases are Plessy vs Fergusson and Board of Education vs Brown, Bradley vs. , Miliken and Rodriguez, vs. , San Antonio. The poor education system has been in America for too long and yet only the minorities are affected. The length of time within which these policies have been practiced has made it to pose part of their education system,.To some extent, this form of system croupe be related to meme. The Oxford English dictionary describes it as a self-replicating element of culture, passed on by imitation. Going by this definition we can conclude that the poor education system has replicated itself over time and has become part of their culture. JOHATHAH KOZOL Kozol, was born on 5th September 1936 in Massachusetts Boston. He is an ed ucator, a non-fiction writer and activist. He is well known for books on public education in U. S. Kozol receive in 1954 in Greenough and in 1958 at Harvard University with English Literature degree.Kozol received Rhodes scholarship to join Magdalon College. For some reasons, he could not complete the leadership since he traveled to Paris because he wanted to start writing a novel,. It took Kozol four years writing The Fume of Poppies, a fiction book. Jonathan has also held 2 Guggenheim Fellowship and has been a Rockefeller foundation Fellow. He has also been involved in social psychology field. Currently he is on the Editorial Board of great Good Magazine.Kozol has been very active in propagating for public education that is fully integrated in the U.S He has never ceased to condemn education inequalities and has spoken unrelentingly regarding segregation of Hispanic and black children from children by the white in public schools which are segregated. Jonathans argues form an et hical point of view and he makes sedate comparisons between poor schools and rich schools. Particularly, he makes an analysis of the money that is spent on each child. He discovers that per child spending annually is very high, that is, they concede a figure that is slightly above $20,000 every year for every child in a district.His question is whether it is fair that a persons place of birth should be a determinant on a persons quality of education. He has shown deep commitment towards improvement of American public schools and has therefore founded and is in charge of a non-profit Education Action. His group is devoted to organize teachers all over the country who may be kindle to push back Supreme Court decisions against NCLB, and assist in making an excellent, single and unified system in all public schools in America. (Jonathan, 1992).Dawkins has apply meme to signify a cultural entity, for example an idea, a song or theology that can be considered as a replicator by an ob server. In his hypothesis, he indicated that it was possible for people to look at numerous cultural entities as copiers or replicators. They generally make copies via exposure to human beings, who evolved efficiently though not perfectly in terms of behaviour and information. It is not common for memes to be perfectly copied. They might become combined, refined or modified with different ideas, which results to other new memes.The new memes may prove to be efficient in replicating than those that preceded them. This provides a framework for cultural evolution hypothesis, which is analogous to biological evolution of genes.CRITICISMS OF DAWKINS supposition (SOCIOCULTURAL) The contemporarily sociocultural evolution has rejected a big part of classical social evolution. This is due to a number of theoretical setbacks. Firstly, the theory was believed to be ethnocentric (makes heavy judgments on various societies, and favours western civilization.Secondly it made a general assumption that all cultures must(prenominal) have same goals and must also progress the same way. Thirdly his theory-equated materials culture for example, cities and technologies with civilization. Fourthly, it also equated fitness/progress with evolution. This was based on gross misunderstanding of theory evolution. Lastly, the evidence produced contradicts the theory. galore(postnominal) primitive societies are believed to be more democratic, peaceful and equitable as compared to many contemporary societies. They are also regarded as healthier in terms of ecology and diet.The social evolution is classified as a science theory. It has been used to give support to unjust social practices believed to be racist especially slavery, colonialism and unbalanced conditions of economy which are present in the industrialized Europe. Darwinism social theory is very ofttimes criticized since it was responsible for some philosophies, which were used by Nazis. (Jonathan, 1992). effectuate OF EVOLUTION ARY THEORY The thought of evolution has brought about considerable social effects. With the development of scientific theories, most explanations have displaced some alternatives, which have been widely held.Since evolution theory includes explanations of origins of humanity, it has great impact on the societies of humans. (Jobson, 1998) Evolution of culture has punctuated equilibrium, which was developed by Gould and Eldredge for evolution that is biological. According to Bloomfield, most human societies have equilibrium, which is punctuated. This would first mean a society, which is stable and a transition, which results to a stable society that is more complex. The human society status is pegged on nourishment production productivity. Deevey reported that food productivity does not change much of stable societies but it increases during transitions.CONCLUSION Some scholars have harshly criticized Dawkins theory of selfish Genes. His theory is being described as absurd and it is even more difficult for a person to know where to begin criticizing his concept. The idea that the idea of selfish gene is dishonored however is foolish, since his concept has received a lot of acknowledgement on its anniversary 30 years after its publication. We might be hoping too much that a person has the ability to come up with an argument touching on our lives or say something that proves he has an understanding of the framework of the selfish gene.We can only take his explanation for it. Rmj, brought forward some arguments against The Selfish Gene. He argues that Dawkins lacks understanding of religion, philosophy of religion and theology. In his book, Dawkins does not refer to any religion philosopher. This generally shows his deliberate ignorance of his topic. Other people have strongly supported the selfish gene theory. An Indian Bay states that we basically are selfish. We would not survive if we were not selfish. It is selfishness that gives us the desire to survive.The truth is genes could be selfish but human beings have gradually evolved to become social. Currently, Darwinians view incorporates an understanding and states cooperation are part and parcel of the genetic heritage.REFERENCES Jonathan, K (1992) Savage Inequalities Children in Americas schools, Harper Perennial Library, US. Jonathan, K (1982) Alternative schools A guide for Educators and parents, Harper Perennial Library, U. S. Jobson, C (1998) Our Genes Excel Publishers, Canada. Richard, D(1990) The selfish Gene, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. US.

Sports in India Essay Example for Free

Sports in India EssayAbout 3000 years ago, India was as active as the ancient Greeks, in terms of both physical and mental sports carry racing, polo, archery and wrestling to chess and cards. Much later, just a few centuries ago, the British brought hockey and cricket to India. Indians discovered new sports and their inherent talent at them. cricket took over as the most popular sport after we gained independence, mainly due to the low requirements. All one indispensabilitys is a bat and a ballunlike hockey, where everyone needs to have a hockey stick. Though we won 8 Olympic gold medals in our national sport hockey the first in 1928 The first hockey gold as an independent country was in the 1948 Olympics in London, England, where India beat England 4-0 in the finals. The Indian team went on to win to a greater extent than Olympic hockey gold medals in the 1952, 1956, 1964 and 1980 Olympics. After that, the medals dried up India only managed solitary bronze medals in tenni s, weightlifting and shooting in the suffer 3 Olympics In contrast, the popularity of cricket grew especially after the 1983 Prudential World Cup win by Kapil Dev and team.India needed sports heroes, and cricket seemed the only answer. What is the problem? much claim that it is our diet that is to blame. The detail is medical opinions always seem to contradict. Some medical experts blame the physical deficiency on the fact that the majority of Indians argon vegetarians. But, horses are vegetarians too, and most athletes would kill to get the stamina and strength of a horse So it cant be our diet It is a known fact that India lacks sporting infrastructure.The only stadiums we have are used for cricket, while the majority of hockey, football and athletic sporting events are held on sub-standard fields mainly circularise air mud patches. But then why do countries that are much smaller, with a lot less infrastructure than us win more than Olympic medals? Another cause for concer n is the competitiveness of sport today. Its not fun anymore, its a full time job Most sports masters across the human beings spend 8 hours a day training. Their job is to excel at sports and keep themselves fit.The governments provide them the necessary money and training, and advertisers throw in even more for their fancy cars and houses. In India, unless youre a cricketer, you only get a pat on the back, a government job and a few months leave to grow for major events. This just isnt enough Last, but by no means least of the problems is our society and its mentality. People all over India ridicule our dismal exertion in the Olympics, but how many of us volition encourage our children / siblings / friends to take up sports as a career?We place absolutely no magnificence on sports, mainly because unless youre a Sachin Tendulkar, theres no future. You may win the countries sole Olympic bronze, but are forgotten as soon as the conterminous Cricket event takes place. At the end of the journey, you still have to go back to your job and try and provide for your family, and your Olympic medal becomes nothing more than a fond memory, an impressive addition to your resume and another ornament for your display cabinet. What can be done to fix these problems? Theres a simple nominate of things that are needed. Easier said than done, but necessary nonetheless1. Encourage all sports, not just cricket 2. More government funding for sportsmen and women 3. More publicize coverage for sports other than cricket 4. More International coaches and trainers 5. Participate in more international tournaments in all sports 6. More training camps for pre-teens that show guarantee in any sport 7. Compulsory college and school scholarships based on sporting achievements The money needed to improve sports can only come from advertising. Advertisers note for the popularity of a sport. The sport isnt popular because it lacks quality athletes.The quality of athletes is bad due to lack of training. There is no training because there is no money for professional trainers. There is no money because there are no advertisers. A vicious circle Only if we change our own perceptions can things begin to change. We need to support local non-cricket tournaments, not just by donating money, but by showing up at the venues and supporting the athletes. Once advertisers see the support, the funds will start trickling in. Once the funds come in, the quality will improve. A chain reaction A vicious circle, or a chain reaction, the woof is ours

According to mankiw and taylor

fit in to mankiw and taylora) match to Mankiw and Taylor (2006), un profession means that inability to obtain a work when one is free and suitable to work. Even though in that respect argon several various ways to billhook unemployment, this bottom of the inning be normally quantityd in deuce ways the shootant wait and the Labour Force Survey (LFS).Grant (2000) states that the claimant count is the traditional measure of unemployment in the UK. The number of people betwixt the ages of 18 and 60 claiming unemployment benefit payments such as job seekers allowance from the organization is counted as the claimant count. Therefore, it is relatively cheap and easy to gather data. However, many economists conceptualise that in that respect ar some signifi seatt problems with the claimant count method be bring on of the accuracy of this measure. Powell (2005p.290) tells us, the claimant count overstates true unemployment because many claimants be either non genuinely looki ng for work or not genuinely inactive because they already wealthy person undecl atomic number 18d jobs in the in airal economy. In other words, some people who be working in the black economy and who atomic number 18 not looking for work atomic number 18 included in the claimant count. However, in other ways, it understates true unemployment. The rationale behind this is that the claimant count does not include job little people who are aged under 18 or over 60 or who do not claim unemployment benefits. Further more, some unemployed workers approaching retirement are in addition attaind from the register.The Labour Force Survey (LFS) is now recognised as the second measure of unemployment. According to Grant (2000), the LFS is also known as the ILO (International Labour Organisation) measure because it uses the ILOs definition of unemployment. Contrary to the claimant count, all people who are actively looking for a job in the last 4 weeks are counted as unemployed workers whether they are claiming benefits or not.Both the claimant count and the Labour Force Survey (LFS) have its own advantages and disadvantages. However, both measures dexterity understate the actual unemployment. According to Powell (2005), the power is that they do not count discouraged workers who have given up finding jobs and people who are sort as economically inactive.Unemployment can be defined and categorised in a number of types and ways. Therefore, in this paper, it result be classified in accordance with its causes.First of all, at that place is equaliser unemployment. Grant (2000) tells us that equilibrium unemployment exists when the inwardness pack for labour is equal to the nub interpret of labour and vacancies match with the number unemployed. However, although there is equilibrium at wage set up, people might still unemployed because the vacancies are uninformed to them or they are unacceptable or opposed to take up the vacancies. The chart below shows equilibrium unemployment.(adopted from Powell p.293)This equilibrium unemployment is measured by the distance surrounded by Z and X or E1 EFE. In addition, ASLN curve shows all the workers who are forgeting to work at different real wage prescribes. According to Grant (2000), there are different types of equilibrium unemployment such as frictional, search, casual, seasonal, morphological, technological and residual unemployment.Frictional unemployment occurs where people are between jobs. Because of immobilities in the labour force, a delay or time-lag is created while unemployed workers move from one job to another. Therefore, it explains why people are able to remain unemployed despite there are job vacancies available. Powell (2005) states geographical and occupational immobilities of labour explain why unemployed workers are prevented from filling job vacancies immediately. For lesson, the cost of moving and difficulties of obtaining housing are among the causes of geogra phical immobility. In addition, occupational immobility is ca utilise by the need for training and the effects of restrictive practice and discrimination in labour food markets.Grant (2000) says that search unemployment is a form of frictional unemployment. The newly unemployed workers who have just lost their jobs or who have voluntarily left their jobs might take a prison-breaking beforehand getting a new job. The reason is that they need to search labour markets to see better-paid or higher(prenominal)(prenominal) status employment is available. Therefore, search unemployment takes place when unemployed workers do not accept the first job offer to search for better-paid or higher status employment.Some kinds of unemployment occur when certain groups of workers are kayoed of work between periods of employment. According to Grant (2000), casual unemployment, one of the specific cases of frictional unemployment, takes place because of that reason in a higher place. In other wor ds, casual unemployment occurs when workers are unemployed on a short-term basis in trades. For example, workers in the tourism sector, construction industry and agricultural work.Powell (20005) states that seasonal unemployment is casual unemployment and it occurs in some industries abject seasonal fluctuations in subscribe to. Industries such as farming, tourism and building experience such seasonal patterns of demand. Therefore, fruit pickers and deck chair attendants can be an example of seasonal unemployment.Besides, there is structural unemployment. People can be unemployed because of the changing structure of the economy. According to Powell (2005), structural unemployment arises from the structural decline of industries. For instance, if there are more efficient competitors in the market or there is the decline of demand, the workers in those industries will be becoming unemployed e.g. coal-miners in the UK. Further, he says that structural unemployment occurs when industr ies change their skill requirements. For example, industries ask new skill requirements when they change or introduce ways of producing their products.Structural unemployment has some different forms interchangeable frictional unemployment. Technological, regional and international unemployment are forms of structural unemployment.Technological unemployment is a form of structural unemployment. Grant (2000) say that technological unemployment conduces from the introduction of new technology such as labour-saving technology. Therefore, there will be automation as a result of introducing new technology. Through automation, industries can knock down their demand for labour even though their output is expanding. Accordingly, it can be defined technological unemployment results from those industries using labour-saving technology such as the use of telephone banking and plastic cards.Like technological unemployment, regional unemployment is also connected with structural unemployment. Grant (2000) states that regional unemployment takes place when the declining industry is linked to a specific area. In other words, it occurs because of the decline or mop up of a major employer in a particular area. For example, in the UK, the decline of textile and shipbuilding created a pool of unemployed workers in some regions.According to Grant (2000), international unemployment is also a form of structural unemployment. It occurs when the demand for domestically produced goods and ser iniquitys falls and, consequently, there are cast upd workers losing their jobs. For example, if there are more efficient competitors abroad, consumers might choose goods and services that are produced out of the country. Therefore, the demand for domestically produced goods and services might decrease then firms will wince their employees or will be closed.Finally, there is residual unemployment as a type of equilibrium unemployment. Mankiw and Taylor (2006) state that residual unemploymen t takes place when people are unwilling to work or are not able to work due to disability. Basically, people who are unemployable on a permanent basis cannot play off the demands of modern production methods and the disciplines. Therefore, it can take place in all societies.Disequilibrium unemployment is another kind of unemployment except for equilibrium unemployment. According to Grant (2000), there are two conditions for occurring disequilibrium unemployment. One is that the aggregate supply of labour must exceed the aggregate demand for labour. Another condition is that wages are sticky downwardly (wage stickiness). The graph below shows that there is disequilibrium unemployment of LLZ at the wage rate W. (adopted from Grant p.536)According to Powell (2005), there are two main types of disequilibrium unemployment classical or real-wage unemployment and cyclical, Keynesian or demand-deficient unemployment.Classical unemployment or real-wage unemployment takes place when wages a re fixed at a higher real rate rather than real-wage rate and labour market, caused by trade unions or a authorities-set minimum wage, prevents the real wage rate falling below these higher wages. The graph below shows classical or real-wage unemployment.(adopted from Powell p.297)If labour markets are sufficiently competitive, the market mechanism begins to reduce disequilibrium wage rate to eliminate the overplus supply of labour in the market. However, labour market rigidity or wage stickiness prevents the real wage rate falling below W1. Because of labour market rigidity or wage stickiness, there is the excess supply of labour in the markets and, consequently, classical or real-wage unemployment persists.According to Powell (2005), demand-deficient unemployment (also known as cyclical unemployment or Keynesian unemployment) stems from leakages or withdrawals from the circular flow of income and from the banish multipliers that are then unleashed. In other words, an under- saf e employment equilibrium occurs because of a continuing lack of effective aggregate demand. For example, the flow of income might fall by the size of the net leakage multiplied by the national income multiplier when planned leakage exceeds planned injections.Powell (2005) states that demand-deficient unemployment illustrates the paradox of thrift. It comes from the fact that saving becomes a vice at the aggregate level if people save and others are prohibited from spending the saving. For instance, demand for goods and service reduces when the market is in the recession of business one shot below the trend. Therefore, firms do not need to produce many goods to satisfy decreased consumers demand so that less labour is needed. The start the demand for goods and services, the less the demand for labour is needed. Consequently, firms will reduce the number of their employees then the unemployment will increase.Powell (2005 p.299) tells us, Inflation is best defined as a persistent or unceasing rise in the outlay level, or as a continuing fall in the value of money. Like unemployment, there are some methods to measure swelling the sell bell index (RPI), the PRIX, the RPIY and the consumer value index (CPI).The sell price index (RPI) shows changes in the price of average persons shopping basket. According to Powell (2005), the RPI was used by UK governing body to measure changes in the rate of pretentiousness until 2003 and it measures the headline rate of pretentiousness. The RPI is based on a monthly survey of the prices of consumer goods and services and it is therefore, reason through a weighted average of each months price changes. However, it is impossible to measure all prices. Therefore, the RPI contains 650 items as a representative sample and those items are on a regular basis changed to reflect new products and changing tastes. For instance, subscriptions for Internet service and digital cameras newly entered index compilation.The RPIX is the retail price index excluding owe interest payments. Powell (2005) says that the RPIX measures the underlying rate of fanfare. In other words, it is measured by the formula the headline rate minus mortgage interest rates. The RPIX only includes the council tax revenue while the RPI includes the council tax and the mortgage interest rate. Furthermore, it is used to measure the cost of living of a representative family in the economy as the CPI does. Marcouse et al (2003) tell us that the RPIY is homogeneous to the RPIX. However, it excludes indirect taxes as well as the mortgage interest.The consumer price index covers the prices of consumer goods. It attempts to measure the cost of living of a representative family in the economy like the RPIX. The CPI includes investment goods and goods purchased by the government while the mortgage interest rate and the council tax are excluded from the CPI. According to Powell (2005), in the UK, the CPI will transpose the RPI and the RPIX co mpletely because it is based on the method of measuring the price level used in the European Union.Inflation can be defined and classified in accordance with its causes. There are two different types of splashiness demand-pull and cost-push pretentiousness and those two types of inflation are classified by Keynesians.Demand-pull inflation is caused by too much demand in the economy. In other words, demand-pull inflation occurs when there is too much money chasing too few products. For example, oil and steel. According to Grant (2000), an increase in aggregate demand must rise real output and the price level once the countrys resources are encompassingy employed. The graph below uses a short-run AD/AS diagram to show demand-pull inflation.(adopted from Powell p.306)When the government rises aggregate demand from AD1 to AD2, the government can eliminate demand-deficient unemployment and create full employment although real output and the price level increase. However, once full emp loyment arrives, a go on increase of aggregate demand may cause an upward movement of aggregate demand, shifting the aggregate demand curve from AD2 to AD3 and then excess demand (the vertical distance between W and Z) is created. Although there are several different conditions causing demand-pull inflation, wartime might be an appropriate example.The graph above also illustrates an inflationary gap which is the vertical distance between W and Z. Powell (2005 p.306) tells us, An inflationary gap measures the extent to which excess demand exists at the full employment level of real income or output. Similarly, a deflationary gap measures the extent to which there is deficient aggregate demand.Cost-push inflation occurs as a result of a rise in the costs of production which are not caused by excess demand. Therefore, there is the difference between demand inflation and cost-push inflation. According to Powell (2005), cost theories of inflation are based on the cause of inflation in s tructural and institutional conditions on the supply side of the economy. Cost-push inflation is illustrated in the graph below.(adopted from Powell p.307)An increase in cost will cause a shift in the aggregate supply curve to the left (SRAS1 to SRAS2). The effect of this is to raise prices from P1 to P2 and then the quantity demanded will move from Y to Y1. Therefore, the macroeconomic equilibrium will be moved from X to Z and, consequently, the new macroeconomic equilibrium will be at back breaker Z.According to Grant (2000), there are several causes in which costs might increase independently of the state of demand. First of all, wage push inflation can lead to cost-push inflation where trade unions force wages levels to increase independently of the demand for labour. Another example is a rise in prices of imported materials. Finally, a rise in indirect taxation also gives an example which leads to cost-push inflation.b)(data for this graph adopted from the handout)The graph ab ove shows changes in retail price change and unemployment between 1986 and 1995. It can be clearly seen that there is the kinship between the retail price % change and unemployment rate and those are inversely related.The retail price % change increased from 3.4% to 9.5% between 1986 and 1990. During that period, the unemployment rate decreased from 11.2% to 5.9%. However, once, the retail price % change reduced from 9.5% to 5.9% in 1991, the changes in unemployment started to raise from 5.9% to 8.1%. Between 1991 and 1993, there was a decrease in retail price change from 5.9% to 1.6% while the unemployment rate increased from 8.1% to 10.4%. However, by 1994, the changes in unemployment reduced again (from 10.4% to 9.3%) when the changes in retail price change increased from 1.6% to 2.5%. In 1995, the unemployment rate still decreased while the retail price % change increased.The changes in retail price change was at the peak in 1990 when the unemployment rate recorded the last ra te (5.9%) in the same year. In 1993, the changes in retail price change and unemployment are different. The retail price % change reached the lowest rate (1.6%) when the unemployment rate recorded the highest rate (10.4%) in 1993.Overall, there was a decrease in unemployment rate when the changes in retail price change increased. By contrast, the unemployment rate raised when the changes in retail price change decreased.In other words, the unemployment rate decreased at first, then increased and decreased again. However, contrary to the changes in unemployment, the changes in retail price change increased at first, then decreased and increased again during the same period. Therefore, the relationship between changes in retail price change and unemployment can be analysed that a stable relationship exists between them and they are inversely related. The graph below shows an inverse relationship between retail price % change and unemployment without delay.(data for this graph adopted from the handout)Moreover, we can notice unemployment is low when retail price % change is high and unemployment is high when retail price % change is low from the two graphs above. c)There are some facts which can be suffered from the data and question b. First of all, there is an inverse relationship between inflation rate and unemployment. Therefore, we can expect when inflation rate is low, unemployment is high and, conversely, unemployment is low when inflation rate is high. From this negative association, we are able to expect that unemployment might be changed as a result of changes of inflation rate. It means that there are changes of inflation rate first then the changes of unemployment will happen. isolated from these two facts, the data show the changes regularly repeated. Accordingly, we can expect that inflation can be affected by external factors and governments might be able to influence changes in the rate of inflation and unemployment through choosing their prefe rred combination of unemployment and inflation.First of all, the relationship between inflation rate and unemployment can be explained by Philips curve analysis. According to Powell (2005), A. W. Philips argued that the inverse relationship existed between unemployment and the rate of price inflation. This relationship is illustrated by the Philips Curve as shown in the graph below.(adopted from Powell p.308)The Philips Curve above shows a negative association between unemployment rate and inflation rate. When there is high inflation, unemployment is low and when there is low inflation, unemployment is high.Moreover, Powell (2005) states that the Philips Curve suggests how the conflict between full employment and control of inflation can be dealt with. The reason is that the combinations of inflation and unemployment can be arisen in the short-run as shifts in the aggregate demand curve move the economy along the short-run aggregate supply curve. In the short-run, a rise in aggregat e demand for goods and services leads to a greater output of goods and services and a higher price level. In other words, a lower rate of unemployment will be happened by expanding aggregate demand. Therefore, governments and polity makers not only move the economy from point A to point B but also reduce unemployment rate from U1 to U2. However, a higher rate of inflation is also happened (P1?P2). Accordingly, it means there is a trade off between falling unemployment and increasing inflation. Points such as A and B on the Philips Curve offers polity makers a menu of possible outcomes and, consequently, governments might decide an acceptable combination between unemployment and inflation.According to Mankiw and Taylor (2006), Friedman and P serves introduced expected inflation to help understand the short-run and long-run relationship between inflation and unemployment. Expected inflation measures how much people expect the overall price level to change. The graph below introduce s the role of expectations into the inflationary process.(adopted from Powell p.311)In the graph above, we assume unemployment is initially at its natural rate (UN) and price inflation equals wage inflation. When a government pursues an expansionary financial policy to expand demand, the economy moves along Philips curve SRPC1 (from point A to Point B). At point B, unemployment is below its natural rate, but inflation rises to P1. Consequently, in the short-run, inflation rises above expected inflation and workers may suffer money illusion, the false belief that an increase in money wage is also a real wage increase.However, a point such as B is unsustainable because people get used to this higher inflation rate and they increase their expectations of inflation. Firms and workers, therefore, consider higher inflation when setting wages and prices in order to rectify the real wage. The short-run Philips curve, accordingly, shifts to the right (from SRPC1 to SRPC2). Consequently, th e economy ends up at point C where there is higher inflation than at point A, but with the same level of unemployment.Powell (2005) says that once the economy reaches at point C, any further expansion of aggregate demand moves the economy to point D and inflation rate of P2. The reason is that this situation will continue if there are higher expected rates of future inflation. Therefore, it gives explanations why unemployment rate regularly decreases then increases and why inflation rate is always positive. Furthermore, it also explains why the changes in inflation rate and unemployment are repeated. Apart from the Philips curve, Keynesian theories of inflation are also helpful to understand the facts which are found. The graph below shows an upward-sloping SRAS curve.(adopted from Powell p.279)According to Powell (2005), Keynesians now believe the SRAS curve slopes upward and upward-sloping SRAS curve shows that an increase in the price level is necessary to persuade companies to s upply more output. It, therefore, explains why unemployment is changed as a result of changes in the rate of inflation. A rise in the price level (from P1 to P2) reduces the real wage rate. Therefore, firms can employ more labour and supply more output and, consequently, unemployment will decrease to increase supply. Moreover, governments can inflate the price level and approach full employment through an increase in aggregate demand. The graph shows an increase in aggregate demand is reflationary or inflationary. It means that expansionary fiscal or financial policy reflates real output and create jobs, and inflates the price level. Therefore, a rise in aggregate demand moves the economy towards full capacity and, consequently, the economy will be able to approach full employment and full capacity.However, once the economy reaches at full employment, it means there is no spare capacity. Therefore, any further increase in aggregate demand might cause prices to rise and the eventual creation of excess demand will lead to demand-pull inflation.d)Apart from unemployment and the exchange rate, there are more factors influencing changes in the rate of inflation. For example, a monetary and fiscal policy and a prices and incomes policy are available to the governments and policy makers in order to control inflation.Monetary policy and fiscal policy can influence aggregate demand. When the aggregate demand curve or the aggregate supply curve shifts, there are fluctuations in the economys overall output of goods and services and its overall level of prices is also changed. Therefore, a change of these policies can lead to short-run fluctuations in output and prices.A government and policy makers can change interest rates to adjust to balance the supply and demand for money. Furthermore, targeting a certain level of the money supply can be also treated as monetary policy. Therefore, setting interest rates and money supply will be different between in the case of deman d-pull inflation and in the case of cost-push inflation. For instance, deflationary monetary policy such as raising interest rates and reducing banking lending might be introduced when demand-pull inflation occurs. However, against cost-push inflation, an expansionary monetary policy such as lowering interest rates might be adopted instead of a restrictionary monetary policy. The rationale behind this is that firms costs can be decreased through an expansionary monetary policy.Consequently, monetary policy can be described either in terms of the money supply or in terms of the interest rate. If monetary policy aims to expand aggregate demand, increasing the money supply or lowering the interest rate is adopted. However, changes in monetary policy that aim to contract aggregate demand can be described either as reducing the money supply or as raising the interest rate.The government is able to affect inflation not only with monetary policy but also with fiscal policy. Mankiw and Tayl or (2006 p.721) tells us, fiscal policy refers to the governments choices regarding the overall level of government purchases or taxes. Through the change of the level of the taxes, a government can in right off shift the aggregate demand curve by influencing the spending decisions of firms and households. However, contrary to this, the aggregate demand curve can be moved directly when a government changes its own purchases of goods and services. Therefore, fiscal policy might be different in accordance with various causes and different levels of economic activity.Against demand-pull inflation, a government is able to adopt deflationary fiscal policy involving increasing taxation and/or reducing government expenditure. Fiscal policy will indirectly reduce aggregate demand. For example, consumers might lower their spending and firms might reduce investment if a government raises income and corporation tax. By contrast, government expenditure can directly influence aggregate demand. T herefore, deflationary fiscal policy will have a downward multiplier effect and might be able to remove an inflationary gap. The graph below shows that reduced government spending (from G to G1) removes the inflationary gap of AB.(adopted from Grant p.573)Contrary to the case of demand-pull inflation, different fiscal policy will be also employed to combat cost-push inflation. According to Grant (2000), reducing corporation tax, decreasing indirect tax and cutting income tax are a fiscal approach to cope with cost-push inflation. Through those policies, a government can reduce firms costs or lower wage claims and then will influence aggregate demand.Moreover, monetary inflation will be expected, a government can adopt lowering expenditure by more than tax revenue as its fiscal policy.The discussion of fiscal policy has stressed how changes in government expenditure and changes in taxes influence the quality of goods and services demanded. Fiscal policy works primarily through aggreg ate demand in the short-run. However, in the long-run, it is also able to affect the quantity of goods and services supplied.Apart from monetary policy and fiscal policy, incomes policies and price controls can also influence changes in inflation.The incomes policy introduced to reduce inflation. Grant (2000) states it is to connect the growth of incomes to the growth of productivity in order to prevent the excessive rises in factor incomes. The incomes policy largely concentrates on wages even though there are many different forms of income such as wages, interest and profits. The rationale behind this is that wages form about two thirds of total costs. Governments are therefore able to control inflation by setting a percentage limit or a flat rate limit. Setting a percentage limit of wages will be useful to maintain wage differentials. Therefore, people in the high-income brackets might be beneficial as a result of a percentage limit. However, the lower brackets of income might be favourable to a flat rate limit because it reduces differentials. Consequently, the incomes policy will be helpful to maintain a wage and price still in the short-run. However, if exceptions are allowed too much or trade unions are strongly opposing the policy, it will be difficult to manage the tone of inflation.Price controls is also employed to restrict price increases. However, contrary to the incomes policy, price controls deals with the symptom of inflation rather than causes. For example, governments limit prices of products to control inflation rate if there is high inflation. Therefore, when inflation will be expected or is already happened governments and policy makers are able to choose price controls to restrict price increases and restore its symptom directly. However, if price controls continues, there will be some problems e.g. distorting the allocation of resources. The reason is that price controls can lead to shortages and create a demand for s system of rationin g.In conclusion, governments might try to restrict price increases and to limit pay settlements in order to reduce inflationary pressure. However, introducing the incomes policy and price controls has not only the effectiveness but also problems. Although they are separate policy, those policies can be used together. Furthermore, they might have an effect on the problem of cost-push inflation if they are employed together. Therefore, the incomes policy and price controls will be more effective when those policies are employed together. However, they might be inefficient in the long-run. The reason is that incomes policy and price controls can distort the market economy e.g. creating labour shortages. BibliographyGrant, S.J., 2000, STANLAKES INTRODUCTORY ECONOMICS, Essex, Longman Mankiw, N.G. and Taylor, M.P., 2006, Economics, London, Thomson LearningMarcouse, I., Wall, N., Lines, D. and Martin, B., 2003, Complete A-Z Economics Business Studies, London, Hodder ArnoldPowell, R., 2005 , AQA advanced Economics, Oxfordshire, Philip Allan UpdatesSungsoo Noh

Case Study Brand Ambassador Marketing Essay

Case Study Brand Ambassador Marketing EssayThis proletariat report projects the use of customers as the brand ambassadors by the comp either. The project argues that whether its feasible to make customers as its brand promoters or not. it will introduce you to the topic brand ambassador and then the pros and cons are cited. Brand ambassadoris a merchandise termfor acelebrityemployed by acompanyto promote its harvest-tides or services within the activity known ascelebrity branding. The brand ambassador is meant to embody thecorporate imagein appearance, demeanor, values and ethics.The Dictionary of Business Management defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or design, or a combination of them, intended to identify goods or services of one seller or a group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitor. forthwith customers are exposed to thousands of voices and images on tv, newspapers, magazins, hoardings, banners, radio etc. these are the brand ambassador o f the product. Every brand attempts to grab the attention of customer in ordination to inform them ab give away the product and service. The challenge of the marketer is to go a hook that will hold the subjects attention.But nowadays company like mc-Donald, Sony, Uniliver etc has interpreted an innovative move by employing the real customers as the brand ambassador. Companies invest large sums of money to align their brands and themselves with endorsers. Overall spending on citizen marketing is maturement and is expected to top $1 billion in 2007, up from $980 million in 2006, according to PQ Medias word-of-mouth marketing forecast. That number is expected to swell to some $4 billion by 2011.Consumers are selected base on their devotion to a product and the size of their social circles. They are expected to tap into friends, family, groups and resources through and through conversations, blogs, live events and online social media.Their activities are measured by things such as online traffic, number of blog posts, reader comments and e-mail responses, and how many people participate in real-world events. These programs hire consumers, via incentives and rewards, to act as part PR agents, part sales reps and part evangelists.Often, these reps create their own branding gimmicks.In your view, in the Indian marketing context, is the concept of brand ambassadors likely to succeed? Justify your answer.Ans (a) Yes it will surely locate to be successful in the Indian society. The following reasons are-It helps in increasing web traffic and conversations on social media sites by expressing their unfiltered thoughts, feelings about the product through tweets, status updates etc. Loyal customers are in a habit of talking about the product which they like most to their friends, relatives which indirectly promotes the brand and increases the sales. The power of customer story is such that it is able to settle a larger number of population as the people can relate th emselves with the customer well. For ex dove has used this theory n uses its truehearted customers as its brand ambassador.Customers can open doors faster than you can.It becomes very difficult alone for the company to promote its brand products to each and every individual in the market. By making loyal customers as its brand ambassador it is making this practical. Customers can more quickly promote anything whether its negative or positive and some other people listening gets influence spontaneously. It proves to be a big opportunity for the company to make customers as brand customers. After using a product customer immediately put up their sales radar as well as bogs or tweets.thus it prove to be helpful.Its genuine, its real, and it isnt marketingNowadays in that location are number of advertisements on television that it becomes very tuff to break through the clutter. By having a group of customers who are your brand ambassadors, you can easy break through with an authent ic voicebecause it will sound different ultimately its humanization of your brandat its best. The reality is that whatever customer tell it will have a tone of genuineness in that.Many celebrity endorsers get unnoticed today inspite of the glamour factor added in it.so a new and innovative strategy for innovation is strongly deficiencyed to promote the products.Comment upon Sonys strategy of using brand ambassadors to launch its cameras. What can be the possible dangers of using this approach?Ans (b)- sonys strategy of using customers as brand ambassador is new and innovative step for promotion.Out of 2,000 applicants only 25 ambassadors were picked based on how much they planned on traveling and participating in sporting events. The winners were given a free camera and other equipment in October along with lessons on how to use them. Applicants who didnt make the cut got a thank-you note and a 20 percent discount coupon for the camera.They are encouraged to hand out discount coup ons, show the camera to anyone who asks and blog weekly about their adventures on a dedicated Sony micro site.To avoid charges of deception, ambassadors are advised by marketers to openly reveal that theyre representatives.Sony decided that selecting brand ambassadors who like to travel, take pictures and blog would jump-start the launch of its news GPS camera. This is a product with emerging technology and we really need to let consumers see people using it, says Koba Kobayashi, director of digital imaging accessories at Sony.The Risks of Relinquishing Brand ControlFear of the rogue customer.Making customers as their brand ambassador can be a difficult proposition because companies are terrified that customers may turn on them and post anything which can prove to be negative.Although its very rare that the customer turn up against you, it can happen only if the firm is unable to provide satisfactorily product to customers. So it can prove to be negative only if there is lack of eff orts from the company itself.Concern over losing a brand ambassador because they move on.It becomes a serious problem for the company if they stick on to one customer for brand promotion and he/she is unable to cater them because of time or any other issue. So it is preferable that the firm allow multiple customers to participate in a single channel so to avoid such issues. It becomes snarly to mange a single transition.Fear of not controlling the brand message.A marketer can do is to influence brand messages and perception, but the reality is that its for the most part controlled by our audience. The customer word of mouth magnifies the society through social media or others. Because of social media customers have a voice and they can post their thoughts and feelings whether we commit them or not.ConclusionThis concludes that the idea of employing real customers as brand ambassador proves to be beneficial and cost effective to some extent. Loyal Customers ambassadors need to be treated well as they are the one whose word of mouth proves to be good for the company.this strategy is helpful in grabbing the attention of thousands of customers as they find it real and can easily relate themselves with their words.

The morality of toture: Suspected Criminals And Terrorists

The deterrent exampleity of toture Suspected Criminals And TerroristsThe principle of pang has been brought back into the van of philosophical tip over following the September 11th 2001 terrorist attacks in New York bringing al just about the War on Terror. So much so, that distress has been considered as a means of combating problems with suspected criminals and terrorists. The matter of squeeze has been the centre of legal discussion, often being juxtaposed against the human rights issue. Cases such as Abu Ghraib, the prison in Iraq and the detainees held at Guantnamo Bay, abide increased the publics aw atomic number 18ness of issues surrounding bedevilment, and be possessed of fuelled debates concerning the true liberalness of democratic countries which countries like the US atomic number 18 supposed to encapsulate. What is much, should these democracies be decry righteously defile topics like throe, or should their prime concern be the safety and security of its citizens? Furthermore, how ignore these twain ideas be reconciled, and what implications will this have for the right?Why Is Torture Morally Wrong?It is fundamental to the understanding of this debate to recognise why harassment is seen as inherently wrong with strong moral objections, and why it is regarded as a violation of rights. Only then, can we unravel its significance when posed with questions of terrorist threats and its repercussions on the legal system. If we are unable to dispel what it is about torture that we find morally inconceivable then it is hard to assess under what circumstances it can be practiced or even legitimised.Cesare Beccaria, wrote in his paper, Moral Protest, the impression made by pain may grow to such an extent that having filled the whole of the sensory field, it leaves the torture victim no freedom to do anything but choose the quickest route to relieving himself of the immediate pain. Thus, torture can be seen as posing two areas of concern, n ot tho does it involve the application of extreme amounts of pain and suffering it also infringes on a persons right to a fair trial. These both amount to why torture is morally wrong in its means of interrogating suspects. Within Western democracies, a key design is the principle of human autonomy. Therefore, torture aims to completely disregard cardinal of the essential foundations upon which democracy was built. It reduces a human to such a degree that they destroy all traces of separateity so that they are unable to make decisions. A tortured being is only(prenominal) capable of comprehending one thing that being the urgency to be released from pain. It is this power that allows the torturer to gain the in wee-weeation or confession he wishes. In The moral incorrectness of torture, Fatima Kola describes this defer as an attempt to annihilate agency. Torture can annihilate agency because it seeks to lower the person to a standard in which they cannot make rational choices , being subject to physical or psychological torment. Hence, it is understandable why torture is considered morally wrong, and how anyone who accepts this as a means of interrogation must be able to relinquish the degradation of personal autonomy and human rights.We must also consider why it would be so morally repulsive to be tortured. Henry Shue believes that one of the main reasons for this is that it constitutes as an attack on the defenceless. This idea is furthered by Sussman who has a unique credit line as to why torture is so repugnant. He states in, Whats Wrong with Torture? So construed, torture turns out to be not just an extreme form of cruelty, but the pre-eminent just an extreme form of cruelty, but the pre-eminent instance of a kind of forced self-betrayal. Thus torture is a distinctive kind of wrongness not often found in other acts. As what is embedded in the core of torture is the form of self-betrayal that it harbours. The victim if forced into a state of defenc elessness and powerlessness. They are broken down until they lack all personal autonomy and rationality. Whats more, Sussmen believes that the victim is lowered to such a degree that their own consistency becomes their main attacker, leaving them to feel debased. Such a view then naturally finds the physical and emotional strains of torture as abhorrent, rendering it morally wrong in all circumstances.Alternative Arguments That Justify TorturePerhaps it is because bon ton is no longer as shocked at images of torture that is has become more accepted within legal discussions. Exposure to scenes of pain and brutality in culture has allowed for people to be more open minded about the debate of torture. Yet, amongst this, two distinct arguments exist. There are those that believe torture can be morally justified where it prevents a greater devastation from occurring, that it is the lesser of two evils. Arguments from this standpoint are utilitarian, which allow the torturing of one life to save some(prenominal) innocent lives. The main focus for utilitarians is the end goal and the idea that torture can be justified according to the circumstances at the time. This is particularly important in terrorist cases, where utilitarians argue that a terrorist has lost his claim to a approach pattern standard of human rights by endangering the lives of innocents, and therefore cannot expect to have the same amount of protection as an ordinary citizen.Henry Shue, gives a further translation to justify acts of torture in that, since sweep awaying is worse than torture, killing is sometimes permitted, especially in war, we ought sometimes to permit torture. However this argument is flawed as there are other more important factors that need to be considered rather than just the degree of harm done. If we are to compare the acts of killing that disengage place in war to the torture of a suspected terrorist, then the most obvious difference is that in warfare, both parties h ave equal opportunities to kill or be killed. Whereas a terrorist or criminal who is being tortured is subject to the whim of the torturer. Thus, I do not believe this creates a legal argument to justify torture.On the other hand, there are those who believe torture should be absolutely prohibited, and that under no circumstance can it be morally justified. These arguments are based on a deontological view. Utilitarians claim this view is morally self-indulgent and sometimes it is unimpeachable to sacrifice your holiness for the greater good. However, deontologists are criticised for their lack to reconcile with what is known as the ticking bomb scenario. One should consider the hypothetical example of where a man is aware of the location of a bomb that has been planted in a large shopping centre. He knows it will be detonated within the next few hours and the police have him detained. In this situation is it morally wrong to torture one person to find out the location of the bom b, in order to save the lives of many? In this most extreme situation, even the strictest deontologists cannot deny that torture may be justifiable to such a threat, despite it been inherently wrong. In this context there are two conflicts at play. There is the moral consequence that exists in torturing someone however this has to be balanced against the moral consequence of the death of many people, (it seems to be a simple matter of numbers.) Thus it is vital to consider this moral dilemma as a whole and as not individual parts. In this way, deontological morality is not completely lost by rendering utilitarian views as applicable.Moral deliberation can thus be settled by balancing the deontological objections of torture with the justification given by utilitarians, as Sussman argues, torture constitutes a moral wrong that requires more justification than killing.Thus, by way on the morality of the act, we are allowed to mediate between absolute prohibition and utilitarian ideas . However each circumstance gives rise to different issues on morality and torture, as not all situations will follow the ticking bomb scenario. At which point can you draw the line between appreciating the opposing demands and upholding moral integrity? As stated earlier, it is vital to look at the situation as a whole, made up of constituents, in order to weigh up where the morality lies. Only then is it possible to make credible conclusions and allow us to make a morally right decision.Implications For The LawFor the law to overwhelm a provision for torture would be very brave, and require an act of moral courage. In Torture and Positive Law Jurisprudence for The White House, Waldron argues that legalising torture will have negative ramifications on our legal system, blending to eventual malfunction. The basis of negating torture into law finds it origins in morality. The morally wrong nature of torture is reflected and reinforced by the law. The laws represent its regard for t he superiority of human rights and its belief in personal autonomy. It embodies the concept that human life is sacred and must be shown compliancy. Therefore by including torture within the law it gives the impression that it is not disapproved in the same way and the moral integrity of the legal system becomes undermined. Promoting respect amongst your fellow citizens becomes a hypocritical concept, as torture is one of the worst offences against a person. This gives a tainted message to society as the law no longer prohibits torture as a method of interrogation.Legalising torture will also have further international repercussions, especially for countries like the US and UK. These countries have a firm approach in not tolerating torture in other countries that do not give enough weight on the grandness of human rights. By legitimising torture, these countries will be sending the wrong message to the rest of the world, implying that they encourage the State to use torture as a mea ns to a way.R. Dworkin, in Laws Empire, believes that legalising torture could affect public morality. The law is a mechanism which guides citizens through their everyday lives, telling them the correct way to behave and what is acceptable conduct in society. In this way, prohibiting torture from the law mirrors the message of mutual respect and harmony that we wish to permeate through society. This could be compromised with the inclusion of torture within the legal system, lowering peoples standards of morality. The recognition of torture could have further affects on society through its interpretation that people may find it commensurate to be violent to those who they feel deserve it, thus generally increasing levels of crime. There is a risk that torture may not encompass a sense of inherent wrongness and taboo as it does now. As people become more open to its implications and practice, being confronted by its affects on a day-to-day basis, so torture will become part of what is accepted.Therefore, the strength of the law will be severely undermined with the prohibition of torture no longer upheld to be actions that can be regarded as morally wrong. As torture is claimed to be one of the most appalling acts that can be committed, its justification will lead to questions such as why other wrongs, which are considered as a lesser wrong than torture are not also legalised. Waldron concisely summarises this concept as the unravelling of the surrounding law. Sangeeta Mandhir, in Basing arguments for legalising torture on moral justifications, describes this as having a domino-type effect. In that once the prohibition of torture is challenged, it will be harder to justify why other acts such as battery, which is considered less offensive than torture, is not also made legal by law.Furthermore, if torture becomes legitimised, than the supposed guiltiness matte by the torturer is weakened. Since the act is no longer illegal it will justify his actions and so reduces the level of guilt, and in turn this is converse affects for what is seen as moral. If no guilt is felt then one cannot feel he has committed an immoral act.Indeed what makes torture worse for society is the justification in that it serves to benefit the community. This implies that society gives torture a mandate in which it can be implemented by allowing it into the legal system. As the torture is being carried out in the cause of societys security and safety, citizens can be said to hold a shared responsibility for the shocking acts performed upon the victims of torture. Therefore, the State has multiple factors that are intrinsic when considering the legalising of torture. Consisting of not only of the end result, that being security for the nation but also the upholding of liberal democratic values upon which society is based, so not to compromise principles such as liberty, integrity and human rights.ConclusionIt is clear that for a debate on torture it is impossible not to consider morality, as the two concepts are inextricably linked. Torture, by definition in this essay is regarded as morally wrong and inherently abhorrent. Yet there seems to be circumstances for which people believe it could be the only course of action. Thus, if there are situations in which torture can be justified, should the State consider reversing the absolutist prohibition stance on torture within the legal system that exists today? In my opinion, the answer is no. Torture is fundamentally abusive to our morals and ethics. Its existence in society risks undermining the humanitarian principles that also exist. Despite the utilitarian views concerning the welfare of the greater good, what needs to be remembered is that the short term benefits for legalising torture for situations such as the ticking bomb scenario have to be measured against the long term consequences of legalising such a morally detested act, for its effects on society. I believe these two polar concep ts can be reconciled through reasonable deontology. This approach allows for torture to occur in a situation that poses a serious threat to society, yet it does not justify the act and still remains firm on the view that torture should be legally prohibited in the law. As Jens David Ohlin in The limit of Necessity, believes, legalising torture opens a Pandoras Box of unsavoury consequences, especially for society. Society should not be allowed to excuse torture as a morally right way of interrogating criminals or suspected terrorists, for if this is allowed we stand to lose the fundamental principles that the law is supposed to uphold, thus changing the nature of societys moral commitments.

How does Miller use Alfieri to inspire Sympathy for Eddie? Essay

How does milling machine use Alfieri to inspire Sympathy for Eddie?How successful is he?In his play A View from the Bridge, Arthur Miller intends us to feelsympathy towards the protagonist, Eddie Carbone. Miller wants the earreach to view Eddie positively, however Eddie displays disconfirming nature traits like aggression, violence and over-protectivenesstherefore there is a conflict between how Miller wants us to feel,that Eddie is a tragic hero, and how he actually does behave. Thenarrator Alfieri is deployed to ofttimes defend or explain Eddiesactions. After Eddie has shown a negative characteristic, Alfieri isdeployed to get the audience back on Eddies side. Without Alfieri,the audience would dislike Eddie and would right off reject him. Theaudiences views towards Eddie are constantly shifting throughout theplay.Miller, like many playwrights, was influenced by Greek theatre.Alfieris role is similar to the direction the chorus operated in Greektragedy because he comments on the action throughout the play. Ourfirst impressions of Alfieri are positive. In the ancillary text, heis described as,a lawyer in his fiftieswhich suggests that he is an educated and mature man. Alfieri is welldressed in a suit and is very well mannered. It is extremely principal(prenominal)that the audience likes and trusts Alfieri if he is to influence theaudiences views of Eddie during the play. This is why Alfieri isdressed smartly and looks experienced right at the beginning of theplay. He speaks directly to the audience in an approachable andfriendly way using the personal pronoun you which shows that he istrying to build a rapport with the audience right from the start ofthe play. Alfieri is judge a... ...e is an element of contradiction toAlfieris final words because he believes that it is wise tocompromise and yet he loves Eddie who refused to. This shows that itis not possible to have a fix view on Eddie throughout the wholeplay. Miller uses Alfieri to constantly shift t he audiences view ofEddie by deploying Alfieri every time Eddie shows a negative trait.I think Alfieri finally does inspire sympathy for Eddie although somepeople may not sympathise with him but completely dislike him becauseof his negative behaviour. This is Millers intention throughout theplay because of his use of Alfieri. I do not sympathise with Eddie buti pity him because he knew no give way and he was a product of hiscultural background. Eddie was not fully equipped for the predicamenthe faced and his limited intellect led to a tragic event at the end ofthe play.

rosemarys baby :: essays research papers

Rosemarys Baby and the Manson Family MurdersIn 1969 Roman Polanski had in the end become a success. After a youth devastated by the Holocaust, the loss of his parents, and a mugging that left him on the brink of death, the Polish-born director had moved to Hollywood. He was about to have his first child with his movie-star wife, Sharon Tate and he had just released the blockbuster film Rosemarys Baby.The event that made Roman Polanski famous was a tragedy that shocked the nation. On August 9, 1969, followers of Charles Manson murdered Polanskis wife and her eight-month-old unborn child along with four close family friends. Rosemarys Baby, which recently celebrated its thirtieth anniversary, stars Mia Farrow, John Cassavetes, and Ruth Gorden, who, won an Oscar for her role as the eccentric elderly neighborhood. Charles Grodin made his screen debut as the issue obstetrician Dr. Hill. The movie follows Rosemary, a wealthy newlywed, whose life slowly unravels as she discovers she is t he focus of a vicious cult of Devil-worshippers.Although Rosemarys Baby was released a year before the Manson Family murders occurred, the two events are incredibly similar. Both the movie and the murders happen in the world of show businessSharon Tate was an actress, Rosemarys economize is an actor. Both revolve around a beautiful young pregnant woman. Both feature the Devil (the Devil impregnates Rosemary the Devil was one of Charles Mansons aliases). Both involve a powerful cult that murders with apparent impunity. One of the reasons the Manson Family murders shocked the world was the Familys ability to perform atrocities with no reservations. The acted without hesitation, doubt, or remorse. In Rosemarys Baby, young Rosemary (Mia Farrow) is at the opposite end of the spectrum, conspicuously unable to act. Rosemary is consumed with so much paralyzing self-doubt and hesitation the looker is reminded of Hamlet. Unlike Hamlet, Rosemarys doubt is not sympathetic or nobleor, for tha t matter, interesting. For the first half an mo Rosemary seems weak. For the second half an hour she appears spineless. Eventually Rosemarys inaction in the face of overwhelming evidence becomes so acute that she actually stops being a likely character no one could be this much of a moron. Here are a few examples. Early in the movie, Rosemarys preserve rapes her while she is passed out drunk. She wakes with scratch marks on her back and no recollection of the previous nights events.